Aircraft performance analysis is an important part of flight training evaluation and has important application value. Combining with the flight parameter data of a military fighter during takeoff, the problem of parameter identification and aircraft performance analysis by particle swarm optimization (PSO) is studied. First, the mathematical model of take-off performance is established by dynamics, and then the dynamic equation is transformed into a state equation with the square of the velocity as the input and the increment of the velocity as the output. The parameters which are identified are identified by PSO and have high accuracy. Finally, the parameters of the identified parameters are replaced by the kinetic equation. The takeoff quality and temperature affecting take-off performance are analyzed to get the takeoff performance under extreme conditions. It can provide decision-making reference for selecting the best performance aircraft operation in the future.